Zionists wanted to develop a distinct Jewish national art. And although no one knew how to do it exactly, the hope was that the Zionist cultural revolution would eventually take on an aesthetic shape or sensibility as well. The first art academy that was established in Palestine in 1906, the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts, emphasized the manufacture of crafts that would express the spirit of Jewish nationalism. The idea was to replace a Christian and European visual dictionary with references that would be more Jewish, that would reflect Palestine more closely, and would eventually become part of a uniquely Jewish visual subconscious. The success of the school was limited and it was eventually replaced by more conventional artistic schools in the spirit of European modernism. At the same time, the spirit of nationalism influenced almost all artists and designers, including painters, sculptors, illustrators, and graphic designers.